如何购买一架二手飞机？
估值
购买一架二手飞机最重要的是飞机的估值，市场的价格是基于飞机是适航状态做出的，但适航状态下的飞机价值也有巨大的差异性，主要考虑部件的剩余寿命。购买非适航飞机要考虑预期恢复成本和实际价值，如无法恢复适航性，风险大（不以再次运行为目的购买，无需考虑此类问题）。
二手飞机的估值是一个复杂的过程，涉及多个因素。以下是一些基本的步骤和方法：
- 确定飞机类型和状况：首先，需要确定飞机的具体类型和当前状况。不同的飞机类型（如喷气式飞机、螺旋桨飞机、商用飞机、私人飞机等）和状况（如使用时长、维护情况、是否有损坏等）都会影响其估值。
- 市场调研：了解市场上的相似飞机的售价。这可以通过查阅飞机销售网站、联系飞机经销商或参考行业报告来完成。了解市场价格趋势可以帮助你更好地评估飞机的价值。
- 考虑飞机的历史和用途：飞机的历史和用途也会影响其价值。要考虑时寿件（LLP）等的剩余寿命，机体的使用时间等。
- 考虑维护和修理成本：飞机的维护和修理成本也是一个重要的考虑因素。如果飞机需要大量的维修或更新，那么它的价值可能会降低。
- 使用专业的飞机估值服务：如果你不确定如何估值，可以考虑使用专业的飞机估值服务。这些服务通常由经验丰富的飞机经纪人或评估师提供，他们可以为你提供更准确的估值。
- 考虑未来的市场需求：最后，你还需要考虑未来的市场需求。如果某种类型的飞机在未来需求量大，那么它的价值可能会上升。
请注意，以上步骤只是一个大致的指南，具体的估值过程可能会因飞机的具体情况和市场环境而有所不同。在进行二手飞机估值时，最好咨询专业人士的意见。
适航性的判断
如何做出飞机是适航的判断呢？出口适航证？
本质上是判断飞机出厂后有被合理的使用和维护。
- 航空器正常使用没有重大的事故。
- 航空器过去使用的利用率在其维修方案的预期利用率范围内。
- 所有法定维护或改装工作合规按时完成。（MRBR、CMR、AD、ALI）
- 故障、损伤等得到妥善处置，已更换的部件是合规的。
- 新增的改装是合规的。
CAAC 的政策
初始适航
AP-21-AA-2022-51 民用航空器适航批准审定程序
— 如何获取适航证 —
（1）一般要求
具有中华人民共和国国籍的民用航空器的所有人或者占有人可以申请该航空器的适航证。
（2）申请人对照以下情况向民航地区管理局提出申请：
- （a）国产新航空器标准适航证的申请人应向航空器制造人所在地的民航地区管理局提出申请；
- （b）其他申请人应向申请人所在地的民航地区管理局提出申请。
注意：非国产航空器的型号需获得型号认可证书（VTC）
（3）申请人在申请时应视具体情况向局方提交下述申请资料：
- （a）《民用航空器适航证申请书》[表-21-503-2022]（附件1）；
- （b）《制造符合性声明》；
- （c）航空器构型与批准或认可的型号的构型差异说明；
- （d）重要改装或者重要修理后用以证明该航空器符合批准的型号设计以及确保持续适航性所需的有关技术资料；
- （e）持续适航文件清单；
- （f）航空器符合适用的适航指令的声明和所完成的适航指令的清单；
- （g）航空器制造国或者航空器出口国适航当局颁发的出口适航证；
- （h）根据适用性，按照《运营人航空器适航检查单》（AC-21-AA-2008-15）或《通用航空器适航检查单（直升机）》（AC-21-AA-2013-18）提交相应检查单。
对于使用过的航空器，申请时所需提交材料除本款（a）至（h）外，还应包括：
- （i）《使用过航空器预检单》[表-21-509-2022]（附件7）；
- （j）《使用过航空器预检报告》[表-21-510-2022]（附件8）。
（4）对于拟从国外引进的航空器，申请人应在申请前针对下述情况确定该航空器的制造国或出口国已与我国签署相关双边协议：
- （a）从制造国引进航空器：该航空器制造国应与中国签署有相关双边协议；
- （b）从非制造国引进航空器：该航空器出口国应与中国签署有相关双边协议。
（5）对于已取得型号认可证的、需到岸恢复组装的航空器应满足下列要求：
- （a）不属于按照 CCAR-25 部审定的运输类飞机；
- （b）已具有制造国适航当局颁发的出口适航证；
- （c）到岸组装工艺由原制造厂提供或认可；
- （d）已完成恢复组装，其中恢复组装工作应满足下述要求：
i. 由制造单位指派本单位人员完成，或
ii. 由制造单位授权航空器到岸恢复组装培训合格的单位或人员完成，或
iii. 对于按现行有效持续适航文件（如维护手册、服务通告）中所述复装工艺及标准进行复装的，或局方同意的其他情况下，到岸组装工作可以由局方同意的具备相应资质的单位或人员完成。申请人首架（批）到岸恢复组装的航空器必须在上述 i 或 ii 项的条件下完成。
持续适航
航空器型号的设计批准和运行符合性评审 AEG
航空运营人申请投入运行的航空器应当为获得民航局适航部门设计批准的航空器型号，并通过民航局飞行标准部门航空器评审组（AEG）的运行符合性评审。
参考文件：AC-121-52 R2 航空器投入运行和年度适航状态检查
引进全新航空器
全新航空器是指航空器所有权被制造厂商、专门的交易商或租机公司所拥有，飞行经历未超过 100 小时（包括试飞、调机飞行）或者自出厂后未超过 12 个日历月，并未曾被任何私人、航空运营人或者飞行培训学校拥有、租用或使用经历的航空器。全新航空器应当具备航空器制造厂家出厂时提供的如下技术状态记录：
- （1）适航指令执行状态清单；
- （2）服务通告执行状态清单；
- （3）载重平衡报告；
- （4）罗盘系统/磁罗盘偏差记录；
- （5）装机设备清单；
- （6）装机时限/寿命件控制状态清单；
- （7）器材评审委员会记录或重大偏差记录；
- （8）试飞报告和排故记录。
引进使用过的航空器
- （1）机体总的使用时间；
- （2）每一发动机和螺旋桨的总使用时间和履历记录；
- （3）机体、发动机、螺旋桨和设备上的时寿件的现行状况；
- （4）装在航空器上的所有要求定期翻修项目自上次翻修后的使用时间；
- （5）航空器的目前维修状态，包括按照航空器维修方案要求进行的上次检查或维修工作后的使用时间；
- （6）适用的适航指令（AD）的符合状况，包括符合的方法和数据，如果适航指令涉及连续的工作，应当列明下次工作的时间和/或日期；
- （7）适用的服务通告（SB）执行情况；
- （8）对机体、发动机、螺旋桨和设备进行的重要修理和改装的情况。对于涉及持续适航与安全改进要求航空器，如有涉及疲劳关键结构的修理和改装，应当提供按照 CCAR-26 部或者等效标准评估完成的修理资料；如有电气线路互联系统的改装、燃油箱系统的改装，还应当提供符合 CCAR-26 部或者等效标准的适航批准；
- （9）以往出现的重大和重复故障记录，以及当前存在的故障记录；
- （10）最近一次或近两年更换过的装机部件的适航批准标签（需符合相应主管民航当局的规定）。
上述文件和记录应当至少使用中文或者英文，或者符合相应主管民航当局规定的前提下并英文翻译。
注：对于不具备上述部分记录或者文件的航空器，应当由航空运营人和合格证管理局主任维修监察员（PMI）共同确定需补作的相应维修工作（一般结合加入航空运营人维修方案的过渡检查进行）或按最大可能性折算其使用经历，涉及持续适航与安全改进要求航空器还应当通过适航审定部门的批准。
交接的文件清单 — 举例
| 类型 | 序号 | 内容 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | 7 | Burn Certification -Compliance with FAR 25.853 (or EASA equivalent)for seats, carpets,curtains,interior surfaces including in-combination burn certification (as applicable)(note -burn certificate may be contained in the AIR/ARL or type design / IPC). | |
| B | 4 | Certified status of Airframe &Appliance (Component)Airworthiness Directives (including AD revision,applicability status and statement as to method of compliance e.g.modified/repaired/inspected). | |
| B | 7 | Certified status of compliance with the Redelivering Airline's Approved Maintenance Program,including task listing,task source,last done and next due information applicable Instructions for Continued Airworthiness,and any "Out of Phase' inspections. | |
| B | 13 | Certified status of installed Time Controlled Components,including detail of applicable airworthiness limitation parameter. | |
| B | 15 | Certified listing of Operator's current tracked Components (including applicable Engine Components).Listing is limited to components which do not have a life limit (e.g.LLP)nor subject to periodic maintenance in a shop (i.e.HT/TCC Components), but whi | |
| B | 16 | Certified Incident/Accident Clearance Statement (IATA /AWG format or equivalent)to include Aircraft,Engines,(and if applicable Propeller)covering the period of operation with Lessee. | |
| B | 17 | (i)Certified listing of internal and external structural repairs &allowable damage, including reference to applicable approved data,time limited items and if applicable instructions for continued airworthiness.(ii)Certified map (Dent &Buckle File)of e | |
| B | 20 | Evidence of aircraft operational capability (e.g.RVSM,RNP,ETOPS,Landing Category, MNPS,FANS,FM Immunity,8.33 Spacing,ADS-B).May include reference to Component Listing(B015),AFM,Modification Listing,Operator's AMP to substantiate requirement. | |
| B | 22 | Approved Maintenance Program summary of Redelivering Airline,including introduction summary pages,Last Done/Next Due listing,and if applicable the MPD to AMP task cross reference table. | |
| B | 23 | Certified Cockpit Voice Recorder report verifying that required parameters are within approved limits following last commercial flight prior to Redelivery (EASA Ops (CAT IDE)only requirement) | |
| C | 2 | A Checks -the last complete cycle of 'A'Checks (or Operator Check equivalent), including Tally Sheet and CRS(minimum of last 3 years required). | |
| C | 4 | All Major Airframe scheduled Structural Check Packages (e.g.6/12 Yr,8/10/12 Yr, S4C/S8C etc.),(or Operator Check equivalent),including Tally Sheet and CRS (Structural Check Packages maybe included in 'C'Check Packages). | |
| C | 6 | File for each applicable Airframe and Appliance(Component)AD(limited tc Appliance/Component ADs accomplished on-wing)including AD copy accomplishment instructions(e.g.EO /SB)and certified maintenance task cards | |
| C | 7 | File for each incorporated Manufacturer's Service Bulletin(limited to SBs accomplished on wing)including copy of SB,and certified maintenance task carc (maybe included in combined Aircraft Modification File) | |
| C | 8 | File for each incorporated non-OEM modification (including STCs)including substantiation data,regulatory approval,copy of accomplishment DFP,Right To Use Letter,Manual supplements,Instructions for Continued Airworthiness and related LDND information (m | |
| C | 9 | Certified maintenance data for each Structural Repair and Allowable Damage (including embodiment instructions,Instructions for Continued Airworthiness,revision of data used,and Regulatory or Manufacturer approval if not within SRM). | |
| F | 16 | Certified Power Rating Operation statement (including (if applicable)cycles of operation at different thrust ratings)-may be included in Disc Sheet or LLP tracking template. | |
| F | 22 | Certified Engine component listing including serialized line replaceable units as tracked by redelivery operator (if not already supplied in B015).Including TSN/CSN/TSO/CSO (if available) | |
| G | 5 | All APU Shop Visit Reports back to last Heavy SV,and if available Shop Visit Reports prior to last Heavy SV(SV Reports may not include engine DFP records and shop task cards). | |
| G | 6 | Certified Life Limited Parts Listing indicating hour or cycle limit,hours or cycles consumed since new,and hours or cycles remaining,and if applicable the individua total hour or cycle substantiation record for each Life Limited Part since manufacture. | |
| H | 2 | Authorized Release Certificate for each operator tracked components(requirement to produce related component certificate is subject to lease agreement or Redelivering Lessee's regulatory authority oversight) | |
| J | 1 | Airplane Flight Manual (including all supplements acceptable to the Aircraft state of design) | |
| K | 8 | For each Life Limited Part provide total cycle substantiation since new,OR For each Time Controlled Component a copy of the Authorized Release Certificate(including as applicable the last overhaul /repair /shop test report). | |
| l | Landing Gears(Separate folder for each respective Landing Gear) | ||
| l | 1 | Manufacturer report of Life Limited Parts installed at Manufacture (for installed Landing Gear),including Part Number and Serial Number | |
| | | 3 | Certified status of Life Limited Parts of each Landing Gear showing cycle limit,cycles consumed since new,and cycles remaining | |
| A | Current Certificates | ||
| A | 1 | Certificate of Airworthiness (from Redelivering Airline),and if applicable the Airworthiness Review Certificate(ARC). | |
| A | 2 | Certificate of Registration (from Redelivering Airline). | |
| A | 3 | Certificate of Airworthiness for Export (if applicable). | |
| A | 4 | Noise Certificate (or equivalent)e.g.AFM page | |
| A | 5 | Copy of Radio Station License(from Redelivering Airline),including installed list of all radio transmitting equipment. | |
| A | 6 | Aircraft De-Registration confirmation (if applicable). | |
| B | Aircraft Maintenance Status Summaries (certified by designated airline representative) | ||
| B | 1 | Certified listing of Airframe Check /Inspection History /Maintenance Checks performed | |
| B | 2 | Certified status of Total Time in Service(Hours and Cycles). | |
| B | 3 | Aircraft Flight Time Report /Aircraft Log Book /or Airline Maintenance Information System(MIS)utilization report (as applicable). | |
| B | 5 | Certified status of Manufacturer Service Bulletins incorporated (may be included in combined Aircraft Modification Listing). | |
| B | 6 | Certified status of all Airframe Non-Manufacturer Modifications incorporated, including STC's(may be included in combined Aircraft Modification Listing) | |
| B | 8 | Certified status of supplemental structural inspections(SSIs)or ALS items (Airbus)as applicable.Tasks may be incorporated in Last Done/Next Due listing. | |
| B | 9 | Certified status of CPCP/ISIP Tasks (if applicable)-may be incorporated in Last Done/Next Due listing | |
| B | 10 | Certified status of Certification Maintenance Requirements (CMR)-may be incorporated in Last Done/Next Due listing | |
| B | 11 | Certified status of Airworthiness Limitation Items(ALIs)-may be incorporated in Last Done/Next Due listing. | |
| B | 12 | Certified list of deferred maintenance items (if applicable). | |
| B | 14 | Certified status of Life Limited Airframe Parts (if applicable)indicating cycle limit, cycles consumed since new,and cycles remaining. | |
| B | 18 | Certified statement of Oil and Fluid types used in Aircraft,Engines and APU (may be included in Aircraft status statement) | |
| B | 19 | Certified listing of installed Operator loadable software including part number and revision date(limited to software that affects the operation and control of the aircraft). | |
| B | 21 | Certified Flight Data Recorder report verifying that required parameters are within approved limits (following last commercial flight prior to Redelivery) | |
| C | Aircraft Maintenance Records | ||
| C | 1 | Aircraft Technical Logs -minimum of last 3 years,or less if accepted by the Aircraft's next State of Registry (electronic or analogue format as available) | |
| C | 3 | C Checks -the last complete cycle of'C'Checks (or Operator Check equivalent) including Tally Sheet and CRS. | |
| C | 5 | CPCP/ISIP certified maintenance task cards (including level of corrosion found and rectification)(can be included in C002/003/004) | |
| C | 10 | Aircraft weight report reflecting current configuration. | |
| C | 11 | Flight control balance status -original manufacturer data,and if applicable the latest certified maintenance task card. | |
| C | 12 | Last Demonstration Flight report and relevant Technical Log (refers to end of lease Demonstration Flight if applicable) | |
| C | 13 | Compass Deviation report including certified task card (last performed Operator task card)(if applicable) | |
| C | 14 | Current Hard Copy records inventory(if applicable). | |
| D | Configuration Status | ||
| D | 1 | Layout of Passenger Accommodation (LOPA)drawing including Seat Part Numbers. | |
| D | 2 | Galley Drawings | |
| D | 3 | Emergency Equipment Drawing with item description and Part Numbers. | |
| D | 4 | Inventory of Loose and Galley Equipment. | |
| D | 5 | Inventory Listing of Avionics Units installed (E and E Bay)(if available or as incorporated in component listing) | |
| D | 6 | Electrical Load Analysis (either Current ELA or Original ELA plus any applicable supplements). | |
| E | Aircraft Manufacturer Records (to the extent provided at Delivery per Manufacturer delivery isting and not superseded) | ||
| E | 1 | Certificate of Airworthiness or Certificate of Airworthiness for Export at Manufacture(if applicable) | |
| E | 2 | Manufacturer report of Airworthiness Directives incorporated at Manufacture | |
| E | 3 | Manufacturer's original component fitted listing (e.g.Aircraft Inspection Report (Airbus)/Aircraft Readiness Log(Boeing)) | |
| E | 4 | Manufacturer's Repair/Alteration Report/Significant Repair Log. | |
| E | 5 | Manufacturer report of Modifications incorporated at manufacture. | |
| E | 6 | Service Difficulty Reports (if any)/Delivery Inspection Report (as applicable). | |
| E | 7 | Production Aircraft Test Completion Record | |
| E | 8 | Manufacture Flight Logs (Hours and Cycles recorded). | |
| E | 9 | Aircraft Historical /Miscellaneous Log (Boeing). | |
| E | 10 | Manufacturer Report of Landing Gear Life Limited Parts installed at Manufacture including Part Numbers and Serial Numbers (if not included in other documents) | |
| E | 11 | Statement of the Aircraft eligible Type Certification. | |
| E | 12 | Certified Aircraft Weighing Report at Manufacture | |
| E | 13 | Certificate of Conformance(if applicable to Aircraft type). | |
| E | 14 | Production Flight Certificate(if applicable to Aircraft type) | |
| E | 15 | Final Inspection Report (if applicable to Aircraft type). | |
| E | 16 | Rigging Brochure (if applicable to Aircraft type). | |
| E | 17 | Certificate of Sanitary Construction (if applicable). | |
| E | 18 | Detailed Specification /Technical Description Document (if applicable). | |
| E | 19 | Interior Finish Specification Document | |
| E | 20 | Customer Checklist Document (if applicable). | |
| F | Engine Records (Separate folder for each respective Engine) | ||
| F | 1 | Manufacturer Delivery Documents(EDS,Log book,Test Data/Performance Summary, Configuration Listing and SB Status at Manufacture). | |
| F | 2 | Certificate of Airworthiness for Export at Manufacture(if applicable). | |
| F | 3 | Certified statement of Total Time in Service(Hours and Cycles) | |
| F | 4 | Certified status of Engine Airworthiness Directives (including applicability status and statement as to method of compliance e.g.modified/repaired/inspected). | |
| F | 5 | Certified status of incorporated Engine Manufacture Service Bulletins | |
| F | 6 | Certified status of incorporated Engine Non-Manufacturer modifications including STC's with applicable regulatory approval. | |
| F | 7 | Certified Life Limited Parts listing indicating cycle limit,cycles consumed since new, and cycles remaining | |
| F | 8 | Individual total cycle substantiation data for each Life Limited Part since manufacture. | |
| F | 9 | All historical Engine/Module Shop Visit reports (which may not include engine DFP records and shop task cards). | |
| F | 10 | Condition Monitoring Report (current Trend Data) | |
| F | 11 | Engine Log Book and/or Master record of Installation &Removals(as applicable). | |
| F | 12 | Last Borescope report (including video)(if required by lease). | |
| F | 13 | Last Engine Test Cell report | |
| F | 14 | Last On-wing Maximum Power Assurance Ground Run (as performed during end of ease maintenance check if applicable) | |
| F | 15 | Certified Engine Incident&Accident Clearance Statement for period of operation with Lessee(IATA/AWG format or equivalent,if not covered by Aircraft ICS in B016) | |
| F | 17 | Certified maintenance task cards for Specialist Engine Field Repairs since last shop visit (if applicable) | |
| F | 18 | Certified maintenance task cards for Fan Blade Distribution (including P/N,S/N,and Moment Weight information) | |
| F | 19 | Certified inspection status and maintenance task card for last inspection of installed Engine Mounts(if required and if not already covered by Last Done /Next Due listing). | |
| F | 20 | Certified High Pressure Turbine Blade listing to include TSN/CSN/TSO/CSO. | |
| F | 21 | Copy of current OEM concessions,(e.g.Customer Departure Record (CDR-GE/CFM) One Time Concession (OTC-PW/IAE)or Technical Variance (TV-RR))as applicable. | |
| G | APU | ||
| G | 1 | (i)Certified Total Time in Service of APU (including current Hours and Cycles)(ii) Certified statement of ratio between Aircraft Hours to APU Hours) | |
| G | 2 | Certified Status of APU Airworthiness Directives (including applicability status and statement as to method of compliance e.g.modified/repaired/inspected). | |
| G | 3 | Certified status of incorporated APU Manufacture Service Bulletins | |
| G | 4 | APU Log Book and/or Master record of Installation &Removals (as applicable) | |
| G | 7 | Operational Performance Test (on-wing)-certified maintenance task card (if applicable) | |
| G | 8 | Last Borescope report ((including video),if required by lease). | |
| H | Component Records | ||
| H | 1 | Authorized Release Certificate for each Time Controlled Component per OEM classification (including last overhaul /repair /shop test report as applicable) | |
| J | Manuals(as applicable at End of Lease(EOL)in then current format and redacted as appropriate to protect operator proprietary data).Manuals which can be sourced from an OEM directly(e.g.AirbusWorld,MyBoeingFleet)are excluded | ||
| J | 2 | Wiring Diagram Manual | |
| J | 3 | lllustrated Parts Catalogue | |
| J | 4 | Maintenance Manual | |
| J | 5 | System Schematics Manual | |
| J | 6 | Wire List and Hookup charts | |
| J | 7 | Aircraft Operating Manual | |
| J | 8 | Quick Reference Handbook | |
| J | 9 | Weight and Balance Manual | |
| J | 10 | Power Plant Buildup Manual | |
| J | 11 | Structural Repair Manua | |
| J | 12 | Engine Maintenance Manual | |
| J | 13 | Engine lllustrated Parts Manual | |
| J | 14 | Master Minimum Equipment List | |
| J | 15 | Manufacturer's Maintenance Planning Document | |
| J | 16 | Dispatch Deviation Procedures Guide | |
| J | 17 | Manufacturer's Cabin Crew Operating Manual (if applicable to Aircraft type). | |
| J | 18 | Passenger Seat Manuals (CMM &IPC),subject to proprietary data restrictions. | |
| J | 19 | Galley CMM | |
| K | Propellers(Separate folder for each respective Propeller) | ||
| K | 1 | Certified Total Time In Service(Hours and Cycles)of each Propeller. | |
| K | 2 | Certified status of Propeller Airworthiness Directives(including applicability status and statement as to method of compliance e.g.modified/repaired/inspected) | |
| K | 3 | Certified status of incorporated Propeller Manufacture Service Bulletins. | |
| K | 4 | Certified status of incorporated Propeller non-manufacturer modifications including STC's with applicable regulatory approval. | |
| K | 5 | Log Book and/or Master Record of Installation &Removals for each Propeller (as applicable). | |
| K | 6 | Certified Time Controlled Component /Life Limited Parts Listing(as applicable)for each Propeller,including detail of applicable airworthiness limitation parameter. | |
| K | 7 | Last Overhaul Shop Report | |
| K | 9 | Certified Propeller Incident &Accident Clearance Statement for period of operation with Lessee(IATA/AWG format or equivalent,if not covered by Aircraft ICS in B016) | |
| l | 2 | Authorized Release Certificate from last Overhaul of each major Landing Gear Assembly | |
| l | 4 | Last Overhaul Shop Report | |
| l | 5 | Individual total cycle substantiation data for each Life Limited Part(as identified by applicable OEM document)since manufacture |